WORKSHOP

SAFETY IN THE WORKSHOP

The following are the precautions that to be followed when you are working in the engineering workshop

ü  Never work while tired or taking medication.

ü  Try not to rush the job.

ü  Be aware of your attention or lack of it to the job – repetitive cuts can lend themselves to day dreaming.

ü  Avoid distractions – never surprise someone who is working with tools.

ü  A fully equipped First-Aid box should be present and readily accessible in every workshop.

ü  No open flames or tobacco smoking!

ü  Keep the floor area clear and wipe up all spilled liquids immediately to prevent a slipping hazard.

ü  use a mask or respirator to protect against the toxic vapors from 

ü  Wear proper dress. It is important that the worker is correctly dressed for the work to be done.

ü  Long hair must be covered up under a hat.

ü  Make sure you know how to start and to stop a machine.

ü  Loose clothes such as tie and cuffs must be avoided.

ü  Always wear safety shoes.

COMMON ACCIDENTS OCCUR IN THE WORK SHOP

ü  Loose of body parts eg. hand

ü  Loss of hearing due to noise.

ü  Loss of eye due to abrasive materials like sparks.

ü  Loss of life.

ü  Falling of objects.

Benchwork

 Is   any type of labor or work that is managed using a workbench rather than with the use of heavy machinery in a workshop.

THE BASIC BENCHWORK CONDUCTED IN THE WORKSHOP

The following are the bench works that are common conducted in the workshop, namely;

ü  Tapping; Involves the operation of making threads.

ü  Drilling; is the process of cutting round holes in a work piece.

ü  Filling; is the process which involves shaping and final smoothing of materials.

ü  Chiseling; They are used for cutting out and shearing of sheet metal

ü  Clamping; Holding of a work piece.

TOOLS WHICH ARE USED IN BENCH WORK

ü  Vise

ü  Taper

ü  Hand  Drill

ü  File

ü  Grinding wheel

ü  Chisel

ü  Hand saw

ü  Smooth plane

MACHINE PROCESS

The following are the machines that can be found in the workshop

1. LATHE MACHINE

Is the machine that used to produce different shapes which are in cylindrical shapes and upon which a range of operations can be performed. Its basic function is to produce internal and external cylindrical shapes but it can also be used to produce flat, tapered, or contoured surfaces and screw threads to a high degree of accuracy.

MAIN PARTS OF LATHE MACHINE

Head stock; The headstock holds the spindle and drive mechanism for turning the work piece.

Tail stock; The tailstock supports long work that would otherwise sag or flex too much to allow for accurate machining

Bed; The lathe bed is a mounting and aligning surface for the other machine components

Carriage; The carriage provides mounting and motion control components for tooling. The carriage moves left and right, either through manual operation of a hand wheel, or it can be driven by a lead screw.

Cross Slides; The cross-slide is mounted to the top of the carriage to provide movement perpendicular to the length of the bed for facing cuts.

Also the other parts are;

Tool post; hold cutting tools

Compound slides; It is used for turning tapers, to control depth of cut when screwcutting or precision facing.

Chuck (three jaws and four jaws chucks); hold a workpiece

 Lathe centers; made from high speed steel (HSS) and then hardened to support work between the head stock and tail stock

Steadies; they are used to give addition support when machining long lengths of bar. (Reduce the vibration of the workpiece)

                                                                                                                                    

2. MILLING MACHINE

is the machine that carry out the process of machining flat, curved, or irregular surfaces by feeding the workpiece against a rotating cutter containing a number of cutting edges.

MAIN PARTS OF MILLING MACHIE

Base; The base of the machine is Grey iron casting accurately machined on its top and bottom surface and serves as a foundation member for all the other parts which rest upon it. It carries the column at its one end. In some machines, the bage is hollowed and working as a reservoir for cutting fluid.

Column; The column is the main supporting frame mounted vertically on the bage. The column is box shaped. Heavily ribbed inside and houses all the driving mechanisms for the spindle and table feed. The front vertical face of the column is accurately machined and is provided with dovetail guide ways of supporting knee. The top of the column is finished to hold an over-arm that extends outward at the front of the machine.

Knee; The knee is the rigid gray iron casting that slides up and down on the vertical way of the column face. The adjustment of height is effected by elevating screw on the base that also supports the knee. The knee houses the feed mechanism of the table, and in different controls to operate it. The top face of the knee forms slid way for the saddle to provide cross travel of the table.

Saddle; The saddle is placed on the top of the knee, which slides on guide ways set exactly at 90 to column face. A cross feed screw near the top of the knee engages a nut of the bottom of the saddle to move it horizontally, by hand or power, to apply cross feed. The top of the saddle is accurately machined to provide guide ways for the table.

Table; The table rest on ways on the saddle and travels longitudinally. The top of the table is accurately finished and T-slots are provided for clamping the work and other fixtures on it. A lead screw under the table engages a nut on the saddle to move the table horizontally by hand or power. The longitudinal travel of the table may be limited by fixing trip dogs on the side of the table. In universal machines, the table may also be swiveled horizontally. For this purpose the table is mounted on a circular bage which in its turn is mounted on the saddle. The circular bage is graduated in the degree.

Over hanging arm; Over hanging arm is mounted on the top of column extends beyond the column face and serve as a bearing support may be provided nearest to the cutter. More than one bearing support may be provided for the arbor.

TYPES OF MILLING MACHINE

Vertical milling machineIn the vertical mill the spindle axis is vertically oriented. Milling cutters are held in the spindle and rotate on its axis. The spindle can generally be extended (or the table can be raised/lowered, giving the same effect), allowing plunge cuts and drilling. Or a milling machine with a worktable that is parallel to the ground and a spindle that is positioned vertically.

Horizontal milling machineA horizontal mill has the same sort of x–y table, but the cutters are mounted on a horizontal arbor across the table.

3. DRILL PRESS MASHINE

This is the another type of machine which used to perform different activities (operations) such as; boring, reaming, countersinking, counterboring, tapering, drilling.

                                             Diagram of drill press machine

Main parts of drill machine

The drill machine has got four main parts namely; base, column, table and head.

Head; control the motion and contain  the gear

Column; is used to support the table.

Table;place a workpiece

Base; support the whole machine

The following are the operation done by drill machine

Drilling;is an Operation of producing hole by removing metal from solid mass using twist drill

Countersinking is an Operation of producing tapered or cone-shaped enlargement to end of hole

Tapping is the process of Cutting internal threads in hole with cutting tool called tap

Counterboring is the Enlarging of previously drilled hole to given depth to provide square shoulder for head of bolt or capscrew

Reaming is the Operation of sizing and producing smooth, round hole from previously drilled or bored hole

Boring is the process of enlarging hole by means of single-point cutting tool

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UNENDING LOVE

Intimacy he has Jafet for Anna, makes him willing to give one of his kidneys to give Anna who had his kidney problems fail to work. Decides also refuse to recite the priesthood in the belief that he finished school, he married Anna to live as husband and wife.

Days are increasingly moving forward with two men love each other intensified considerably. However, despite his kindness to Anna, the girl's parents begin to hate Jafet especially after they arrived in their home, remote Rwamgasa and see in poverty they were living Jafet and his parents. To separate and Jafet, Anna has dealt college in the United States.

Day is approaching and later, Anna has found himself in a sexual relationship with a young man from a wealthy family, William. Their will persist and later Anna starts seeing unusual symptoms. Anapoenda testing is pregnant but she found the young man is shown being embarrassed by the situation, wants and give the same pregnancy.

Anna decides to escape to return home, Jafet Mwanza without knowing anything but on the way to the airport, he met with Jafet in an environment that does not depend.

What next? SONGA them ...

"Jafet! Jafet! "Cried the girl seemed strange not having his ears, yes iliyomshtua Jafet who had drowned in a casual conversation with a fellow college students.

Harakaharaka turned back to watch theit was voice emerges, Jafet he could not believe his eyes to what he sees. Had hide his eyes, feeling perhaps the dream is exciting.

"Anna! Is that you? "

"What I Jafet! I beg pardon for all that happened, allow me explain what happened, "said Anna as she shed tears in abundance.

"Jafet! Who is this for? Let's go to class we delay period, "the voice of another girl pretty, who had been dressed like Jafet showed that they were reading together, ilimzindua from the trap of thinking hurts, the girl took her hand Jafet and stretched, Anna became as he does not believe he was seen.

"Suleikha! Let me first speak to this sister, we know each other. "

"Jafet! Getting Started stand with the girls when the road? Countless time has come to start over, let's go sir. "

"Suleikha 'please', I am under your feet."

"Ok! I give you two minutes but should have I not hear what you speak. "

"But when we started keep eyes on each other Suleikha this?"

"Jafet! Tell you how many times that I love you to your partner? But why are you persecuting me? "

"Sikutesi Suleikha, you and I still have not got lovers now why unipangie people to talk to?"

"Jafet you answer me that? So because of this farce is the day you see me do not mean? Thank you! Thank you very much, "said Suleikha crying.

The girl shombeshombe a unique beauty from the appearance of his face, his eyes white, relatively long, with abundant hair zilizoangukia back and shaped nearing identical to the number eight, he left the area as she shed tears in abundance like a man who received notice of the disaster.

Although it is true Jafet had not yet accepted his request several days of wanting to have a sexual relationship, he was dearly loved the boy so much that reached the place college students their many had felt that might already they are both lovers as Suleikha was sheaf Jafet like a leech.

Everywhere the palace Jafet, Suleikha he was there, starting in the classroom, with the canteen to the hostel he was staying Jafet. Although the first day was very tough Jafet girl kumzoea allow the same amount, he found himself unable to continue to hold its position in the way the girl was introducing intimate.

Their proximity and increasing Jafet after returning from Mwanza komshuhudia Anna coming out of the airport being accompanied by a man who would not even ask direct knew that he had a sexual relationship with him.

The act of Suleikha leave crying, too kilimuumiza Jafet because although it is true they were not on official romantic relationship, the girl never perform anything wrong deserving of so much pain. Jafet Harakaharaka he ran to stop him.

"Suleikha I mean, why do you have it? Allow me only two minutes to talk to him, you stand right here, have patience with, please do not feel bad, "said Jafet as he patted him on the girl's back as a sign persuasion. That action helped Suleikha very reassuring, and wipe away tears that had yanamtoka and stand aside as Jafet was vyomuelekeza.

Jafet Harakaharaka returned until Anna was standing, witnessing everything that was going on. Jafet act of seeing as she cradles the other girl, who was looking at her most beautiful, too kilimuumiza Anna, he felt like punctured with a sharp object in her heart.

"Sorry for the inconvenience emerged, enhee I'm listening."

"Has he is?"

"Called Suleikha, reading to him and is my best friend."

"Ed! For what you are doing these days? "

"I'm studying medicine here Allied."

"I beg you to forgive me for all I happened Jafet, I need to talk to you to tell you what happened, please'm under your feet."

"You do not have to tell me Anna, in the beginning I used to feel perhaps been forced to go away from me as your protector has told me but I witness myself with my own eyes the day you return from there to where you were, I saw Airport Mwanza coming out with a man, and if you are hugging sexy, you do not have to tell me again Anna, "said Jafet while showing no shred of joke.

The statement too ilimshtua Anna because he never felt that the day he arrived at the airport, Jafet was in the area. Regardless of many who walked by, Anna knelt weeping like a man who received notice of the calamity, Jafet begging him to forgive him and give him a chance to listen to him because he was in big trouble.

"Anna, I beg Understand, I am standing here because your only decent, otherwise I would not have stood. Furthermore it is now time to enter the classroom, goodbye, "said Jafet as he turned to leave stagnant Anna kneeling down. He walked until Suleikha quick as he stood up and left and descended on campus classes, and left Anna continues to cry bitterly.

"For one who is why he cry?"

"It is working on the story long, I have time I'll tell you everything do not worry," said Jafet when they raised the level of intervention in the classroom.

"Sister! Unanichelewesha, you kukusubiria adding money? "The taxi driver who had crossed the road to follow Anna, who launched the girl from the trap of thinking hurts. Anna stood up and taken aback to discover that there are many people had gathered around him, each one was surprised because it was not normal.

Anna stood there as he knelt down and wiped tears and mucus and asked the taxi driver to help him smuggle him so that they continue their journey to the airport, the driver took her hand and smuggle him.

They entered into a cab with Anna continues sobbed and left the area and continue to leave many questioning Not Prop answers questions. Anna continued to wail while greatly regrets, sometimes blaming William and sometimes he blamed his parents for what happened.

Still he continued to worry his mind to a decision to return to their homes, Mwanza or postpone trips and try again seeking a chance to talk to Jafet. Until they arrived at the airport, Anna still does not have answers as to continue the trip or return to talk to Jafet.

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